The Trolley Problems - 875 Words

The Trolley problems are unique in that the two cases are two morally different ways of presenting the same dilemma. The key difference between the switch case and the platform case is the directness of the consequences of one’s actions. I will argue using Kant’s deontological ethical theory why one should pull the lever but not push the backpacker because of the different affects on morality that arises with the change in role you play in each scenario. When presented with the switch case a utilitarianist and most people would pull the switch because it is the most logical. Assuming of the six lives in danger, each life is equal in value and happiness it makes the most sense to save five lives and lose one. Still, this solution is not an easy one because it does ultimately lead to ones unexpected death. But the benefits far outweigh the negatives. The real controversy comes with the platform case. This case is very similar to the switch problem. Your two potential ou tcomes are the same in each case; however, your role in the two scenarios is different. The fact that saving the five lives means you yourself directly murdering one differentiates itself from the switch case because in the switch scenario a person dies as a consequence of an action (pulling the switch). Morally one can see the difference between the two. In the switch case, one person dying is the consequence of saving five people. While in the platform case, five people living are the consequences ofShow MoreRelatedThe Trolley Problem, by Judith Jarvis Thomson768 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bystander at the Switch case is a fundamental part of Thomson’s argument in â€Å"Trolley Problem.† The basis of her paper is to explain the moral difference between this case, which she deems morally permissible (1398), and the Transplant case, which she deems morally impermissible (1396). In the Bystander at the Switch case, a bystander sees a trolley hurtling towards five workers on the track and has the option of throwing a switch to divert the trolley’s path towards only one worker. Thomson findsRead MoreWhat Is And Isn t Owned. Thomson And The Trolley Problem973 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is and isn’t owned Thomson and the Trolley Problem Most people think that killing is worse than letting die. The latter is a fact. Throughout her essay, Thomson explores this idea and comes to the surprising conclusion that it is sometimes permissible to kill instead of letting die. This along with the famous Trolley Problem, first introduced by Philippa Foot, as well as a few other examples and variations, leave the reader with ambiguity on the subject: exactly under which circumstances isRead MoreThe Trolley Problem1420 Words   |  6 Pages 1 Explain the Trolley Driver, Bystander at the Switch, Fat Man, Transplant, Hospital scenarios discussed in the The Trolley Problem reading. In doing so, address what the ethical issue(s) are in each of these scenarios. The trolley problem can be expanded to discuss a number of related ethical dilemmas, all referring to the conflicts inherent in utilitarianism and consequentialist ethics. The problem with the trolley driver scenario is that the driver is faced with a choice of whether to infringeRead MoreThe Trolley Dilemma By Philippa Foot812 Words   |  4 PagesThe trolley dilemma was first created by Philippa Foot The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect in 1967 as a thought experiment on ethics, it then evolutionized into what we know today. Making us question human morality, write books annually and hold worldwide presentations. I will explain the trolley dilemma and how Mill’s Theory of Utility is the best way to approach this problem, helping us attain the answer with the best moral outcome. The questionRead MoreThe Trolley Problem Essay2004 Words   |  9 PagesThe Trolley Problem is set up in two parts. The first part of this problem puts the reader in a passive position to choose between shoving a large person onto the track causing one person to die to save the five other people and refraining and doing nothing would allow the five to die and the one person to live. The second part of this scenario would put Frank in a very personal position to choose to do something about the situation at hand, or to let five people die; or deliberately push a largeRead MoreWhat does Utilitarianism Has to do with a Surgeon1566 Words   |  7 Pagessaved (Degrees of clarity, n.d.). Considering the situation, then it will result into a one-to-five cost-to-advantage ratio, which is not just preponderance, but only weightily so. Here it is important to discuss about Foot’s views as he avoids the problem by saying that the doctrine of doing as well as allowing draws more moral distinction specifically between the actions which we wilfully execute and also the ones we which we allow to take place. In this case, it can be said that it is morally soundRead MoreThe Trolley Problem Of The Monist1624 Words   |  7 PagesJudith Jarvis Thomson presents an ethical dilemma entitled The Trolley Problem in The Monist. The problem describes a situation in which a trolley car is moving quickly and out of control on a train track towards five people who are tied to the tracks; you have the power to pull a lever, change the direction of the trolley car and save those five people – at the expense of the life of one person who is on the track the car was diverted to (Thomson 1397). The choice to be made is not just aboutRead MoreThe Doctrine of Double Effect2090 Words   |  8 Pagesserious problems with app lying these tests in the real world. In the real world, people can lie about their intentions and they may not even realize what they are intending. People do not actually act with a knowledge of what effects will be caused by their actions. These standards can easily be manipulated by a person attempting to justify their actions and this has been done in many instances. A scenario commonly used to explain the Doctrine of Double Effect is called the â€Å"trolley problem.† In thisRead MoreEthics Course : The Trolley Problem1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthought experiment that we were given is known as the â€Å"Trolley Problem† and it is split into two parts. In the first part of the problem we have an empty out of control trolley going down the rail track. If the trolley continues to go down the track it will run over and kill 5 unfortunate people who are tied down to the tracks. You are too far away to get to the track but you do have the power to flip a lever that will change the route of the trolley to a second track. This second track has a single personRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Trolley Problem1932 Words   |  8 Pagesthe wheels are: Trolley problem debated The majors concern of any automobile companies and even the passengers is safety. There has being many ethical debates concerning how the safety of the driverless cars will be engineer. This typical question lead to trolley problem. The scholars debated that how will car deal with the issue of ethical dilemma, how will it be engineer to decide. For instance, an experiment was discussed where a decision need to be made on a runaway trolley, speeding down a

Hypnotism Essay Example For Students

Hypnotism Essay The Encarta Encyclopedia defines hypnosis as,altered state ofconsciousness and heightened responsiveness to suggestion; it may be inducedby normal persons by a variety of methods and has been used occasionallyin medical and psychiatric treatment. Most frequently brought about throughactions of an operator, or hypnotist, who engages the attentionof a subject and assigns certain tasks to him or her while uttering monotonous,repetitive verbal commands; such tasks may include muscle relaxation, eyefixation, and arm leviation. Hypnosis also may be self-induced, by trainedrelaxation, concentration on ones own breathing, or by a variety of monotonouspractices and rituals that are found in many mystical, philosophical, andreligious systems. Another generally reliable source Websters NewUniversal Unabridged Dictionary defines it as,a sleep like conditionpsychically induced, usually by another person, in which the subject losesconsciousness but responds, with certain limitations, to the sugges tionsof the hypnotist. As I stated earlier, these two sources are veryreputed and the general population believes that they are correct. Yet,however often they may be correct, in this case they are not, or at leastnot completely. Not according to the scientific community at least. Mysources for this statement are The World Book Encyclopedia, The Wizardfrom Vienna: Franz Anton Mesmer, Applied Hypnosis: An Overview, AmericanMedical Journal, and Hypnosis: Is It For You? Although they state it indifferent ways they all basically agree that nobody can give a very accuratedefinition or description of hypnosis, or hypnosis. Although some may getthe definition partly correct, the chances of doing so completely are very,very low. So although I will probably not be able to give a totally accurateaccount of hypnosis and its workings, I will try. Although evidence suggeststhat hypnosis has been practiced in some form or another for several thousandyears, such as in coal walking, the earliest re corded history of hypnosisbegins in 1734. It begins with a man named Franz Anton Mesmer. Althoughhe was eventually disavowed by the scientific community because of hisunorthodox methods that made him seem more of a mysticist that a scientist,he is generally known as the father of hypnotism. Mesmer called his methodsMesmerism, thus the word mesmerize, but the name didnt stick, it laterchanged to hypnosis, its name being derived from Hypnos, the Greek godof sleep. He believed that hypnosis was reached by using a persons animalmagnetism. He used mesmerism to cure illness. In 1795an English physician named James Braid, who was originally opposed to Mesmersmethods became interested. He believed that cures were not due to animalmagnetism however, but the power of suggestion. This was the generallyaccepted opinion of the scientific community. Then in 1825 Jean Marie Charcot,a French neurologist, disagreed with The Nancy School of Hypnotism,which followed the guidelines of James Braids idea s. Charcot believedthat hypnosis was simply a manifestation of hysteria. He revivedMesmers theory of animal magnetism and identified the three stages ofthe trance; lethargy, catalepsy, and somnambulism. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov(1849-1936) was not a scientist who worked with hypnosis. Although he hadnothing to do with the hypnotic development itself, his Stimulus ResponseTheory is a cornerstone linking and anchoring behaviors, particularly NLP(Neuro-Linguistic Programming). Emily Coue (1857-1926) a physician, formulatedthe Laws of Suggestion which are greatly used in the hypnotic community. Mesmer called his methods Mesmerism, thus the word mesmerize, but the name didnt stick, it later changed tohypnosis, its name being derived from Hypnos, the Greek god of sleep. He believed that hypnosis was reached by using apersons animal magnetism. He used mesmerism to cure illness. In 1795 an English physician named James Braid, whowas originally opposed to Mesmers methods became interested. He believed that cures were not due to animalmagnetism however, but the power of suggestion. This was the generally accepted opinion of the scientific community. Then in1825 Jean Marie Charcot, a French neurologist, disagreed with The Nancy School of Hypnotism, which followed theguidelines of James Braids ideas. Charcot believed that hypnosis was simply a manifestation of hysteria. He revivedMesmers theory of animal magnetism and identified the three stages of the trance; lethargy, catalepsy, andsomnambulism. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) was not a scientist who worked with hypnosis. Altho ugh he had nothing todo with the hypnotic development itself, his Stimulus Response Theory is a cornerstone linking and anchoringbehaviors, particularly NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming). Emily Coue (1857-1926) a physician, formulated theLaws of Suggestion which are greatly used in the hypnotic community. Her first law is The Law of ConcentratedAttention: Whenever attention is concentrated on an idea over and over again, it spontaneously tends to realize itself. Thesecond law is- The Law of Reverse Action: The harder one tries to do something, the less chance one has ofsuccess. Finally, the last law is The Law of Dominant Effect: A stronger emotion tends to replace a weaker one. MiltonErickson (1932-1974), a psychologist and psychiatrist pioneered the art of indirect suggestion in hypnosis. He isconsidered the father of modern hypnosis. His methods bypassed the conscious mind through the use of both verbal andnonverbal pacing techniques including metaphor, confusion, and many other s. He was definitely a major influence incontemporary hypnotherapys acceptance by the American Medical Association. There are many misconceptions abouthypnosis that are totally without basis. Such as, Hypnotized persons will tell secrets or will always tell the truth. The truthis, hypnosis will not cause a person to tell information the do not want to tell and a person under hypnosis canpurposefully